Abstract The endosymbiont Wolbachia is efficiently transmitted from females to their progenies, but horizontal transmission between different taxa is also known to occur. Aiming to determine if horizontal transmission might have occurred between Anastrepha fruit flies and associated braconid wasps, infection by Wolbachia was screened by amplification of a fragment of the wsp gene. Eight species of the genus Anastrepha were analyzed, from which six species of associated parasitoid wasps were recovered. The endosymbiont was found in seven Anastrepha species and in five species of braconids. The WSP Typing methodology detected eight wsp alleles belonging to Wolbachia supergroup A. Three were already known and five were new ones, among which four were found to be putative recombinant haplotypes. Two samples of Anastrepha obliqua and one sample of Doryctobracon brasiliensis showed multiple infection. Single infection by Wolbachia was found in the majority of samples. The distribution of Wolbachia harboring distinct alleles differed significantly between fruit flies and wasps. However, in nine samples of fruit flies and associated wasps, Wolbachia harbored the same wsp allele. These congruences suggest that horizontal transfer of Wolbachia might have occurred in the communities of fruit flies and their braconid parasitoids.

We found that the sex-ratio of an amphigenic strain of Sciara ocellaris varied widely from progenies with few males to progenies containing a larger proportion of males, with single-sex progenies being rare. The sex-ratio distributions were dependent on the temperature at which the stocks of flies were raised, with the sex-ratio distributions being symmetrical (i.e. about 50% males) at 18 °C and 20 °C while at the higher temperatures of 24 °C and 28 °C the distributions were skewed toward a high proportion of females with the mean proportion of males decreasing to about 30-37% per progeny. Temperature-shift experiments showed that high temperatures were effective only during the last stages of female pupal development plus a period after adult emergence, stages corresponding to oocyte maturation. When imagine females were exposed to temperatures as low as 12 °C the sex-ratio distributions of their progeny were skewed toward a high proportion of males per progeny. No differential fecundity was involved in these progeny sex-ratio modifications. Egg-to-adult survival was lower at 18 °C and 28 °C but no correlations with skewing in the sex ratio distributions were observed, indicating that modifications in progeny sex-ratio did not involve the differential survival of a particular sex.

The species of Anastrepha are arranged into 17 intrageneric groups. Recently, it was proposed that two species of the striata group, Anastrepha striata and A. bistrigata, might be realocated to serpentina group. Anastrepha bistrigata and A. serpentina have an X1X2Y/X1X1 X2X2 sex chromosome system while A. striata has a XY/XX system. It was previously proposed that the karyotype of A. bistrigata could be derived from that of A. striata by an Y:A fusion, and that the karyotype of A. serpentina would be derived from another, hypothetical karyotype. In the present report sequential staining with DAPI and chromomycin A3 (CMA3), followed by C-banding, revealed that the C-banded heterochromatic blocks of the sex chromosomes of A. bistrigata have different affinities to fluorochromes in comparison to the chromosomes of A. striata, from which they have hypothetically derived. The chromosomes of A. serpentina show substantial differences in their cytochemical properties compared to their A. bistrigata and A. striata counterparts. The FISH technique showed that the ribosomal gene sequences are located in DAPI- or DAPI/CMA3-positive heterochromatic blocks of the sex chromosomes, one site on the Y chromosome and one site on the X chromosome (X1 in A. bistrigata and A. serpentina). The data suggest that the karyotype of A. striata and A. bistrigata could be derived from a common ancestral karyotype, while the A. serpentina karyotype probably has a distinct origin.

Nas espécies de sciarídeos, o controle da determinação do sexo dos indivíduos, assim como da proporção sexual das progênies, é feito pelas fêmeas parentais e baseia-se em um mecanismo diferencial de eliminação de cromossomo X nas primeiras fases do desenvolvimento embrionário. Existem espécies cujas fêmeas produzem progênies de um único sexo (fêmeas monogênicas) e outras cujas proles incluem machos e fêmeas (fêmeas digênicas). A proporção sexual nas proles bissexuais é variável, desviando-se significativamente de 1:1. Bradysia matogrossensis apresenta características dos dois modos de reprodução. Em uma população recém-introduzida no laboratório, existem 15% de fêmeas digênicas, 10% de fêmeas produtoras de fêmeas, 13% de fêmeas produtoras de machos e 62% de fêmeas em cujas proles um sexo foi predominante sobre o outro (33% de progênies de fêmeas com raros machos e 29% de proles de machos com raras fêmeas). Foi mostrado que estas condições se mantêm sem alterações significativas por gerações sucessivas. Fêmeas derivadas de progênies com predominância de fêmeas produzem sempre filhas produtoras de fêmeas e produtoras de machos, na proporção de 1:1. Ao contrário, fêmeas derivadas de progênies bissexuais (com predominância de machos) produzem filhas que dão origem a proles apenas de machos ou, então, com predominância de machos. O cromossomo X de B. matogrossensis não apresenta inversão ou outra aberração visível citologicamente. Os resultados sugerem que no controle da eliminação do cromossomo X deve existir mais que um loco ou, então, mais que um simples par de alelos. Sugerem, também, que os dois modos de reprodução dos sciarídeos, monogenia e digenia, devem ter mecanismos de controle similares, uma hipótese nem sempre considerada em estudos anteriores.

In sciarid flies, the control of sex determination and of the progeny sex ratio is exercised by the parental females, and is based on differential X-chromosome elimination in the initial stages of embryogenesis. In some species, the females produce unisexual progenies (monogenic females) while in others, the progenies consist of males and females (digenic females). The sex ratio of bisexual progenies is variable, and departs considerably from 1:1. Bradysia matogrossensis shows both monogenic and digenic reproduction. In a recently established laboratory strain of this species, 15% of the females were digenic, 10% produced only females, 13% produced only males, and 62% produced progenies with one predominant sex (33% predominantly of female and 29% predominantly male progenies). These progeny sex ratios were maintained in successive generations. Females from female-skewed progenies yielded female- and male-producing daughters in a 1:1 ratio. In contrast, daughters of females from male-skewed progenies produce bisexual or male-skewed progenies. The X-chromosome of B. matogrossensis shows no inversion or other gross aberration. These results suggest that the control of the progeny sex ratio (or differential X-chromosome elimination) involves more than one locus or, at least, more than one pair of alleles. The data also suggest that, in sciarid flies, monogeny and digeny may share a common control mechanism.

Técnicas descritas anteriormente por Canovai et al. (Caryologia 47: 241-247, 1994), que produzem bandas C e ASG nos cromossomos mitóticos de Ceratitis capitata, foram testadas com os cromossomos de várias espécies de Anastrepha. O número de metáfases analisáveis aumentou significativamente quando, além dos gânglios cerebrais, discos imaginais foram utilizados nas preparações. O bandamento tipo C produzido foi bastante conspícuo, permitindo inclusive a resolução de pequenos blocos de heterocromatina. O método ASG produziu uma fração significativa de metáfases cujos cromossomos apresentavam um nítido bandamento do tipo G, que permitiu diferenciar cada cromossomo do cariótipo. Essas técnicas simples, aplicadas sem a necessidade de equipamento especial, podem ser úteis para estudos de variabilidade cariotípica intra ou inter-específica

Methods previously described by Canovai et al. (Caryologia 47: 241-247, 1994) which produced C and ASG bands in mitotic chromosomes of Ceratitis capitata were applied to the chromosomes of several Anastrepha species. Metaphase plate yield was substantially increased by use of imaginal disks together with cerebral ganglia. The C-bands were quite prominent allowing the resolution of tiny blocks of heterochromatin. The ASG method produced G-like banded chromosomes, which permitted recognition of each individual chromosome. These simple techniques do not require special equipment and may be valuable for karyotype variability studies in fruit flies and other Diptera

As duas espécies crípticas de Anastrepha fraterculus, tipo I e tipo II, diferiram quanto ao tamanho dos ovos, os quais são menores no tipo I. Em ambos pode ocorrer a extrusão de vitelo pelas extremidades dos embriões, observando-se quatro classes: 1) embriões com massas extrudadas por ambos os pólos; 2) extrusão apenas pelo pólo anterior; 3) extrusão pelo pólo posterior e 4) embriões que não eliminam as massas. As freqüências dessas classes são similares entre populações de um mesmo tipo, mas diferem entre as duas formas crípticas. Diferentes fêmeas podem produzir diferentes classes de embriões, mas para cada fêmea o padrão é constante e não varia durante um longo período do ciclo de oviposição. O diâmetro das massas extrudadas é variável, mas de igual magnitude para os dois tipos. Fêmeas distintas podem produzir massas de diferentes diâmetros que não se alteram em suas progênies. Os resultados sugerem que componentes genéticos estão envolvidos no controle da extrusão de vitelo pelos embriões de Anastrepha. As larvas, de ambos os tipos, apresentam comportamento não usual pouco antes da eclosão: ingerem a massa de vitelo do pólo anterior, giram dentro do ovo ficando com a cabeça no pólo posterior, sugam a massa de vitelo do pólo posterior e eclodem perto desse pólo

Variations in egg length were observed for two populations of cryptic species of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann). The eggs of type I flies were smaller than those of type II individuals. For both types, in regard to yolk mass extrusion, four classes of embryos were detected. Class 1: embryos that extrude masses at both extremities; class 2: embryos in which extrusion occurs only at the anterior pole; class 3: embryos that eliminate mass only at the posterior pole, and class 4: embryos that do not extrude any mass. Embryo class frequencies were similar for populations belonging to the same type, but different between types. Individual females may produce eggs from different embryo classes, but for any given female the pattern remains constant during a long period of oviposition. Variation in size of the extruded masses was similar for both populations. Individual females produced embryos with a small range of mass diameters, and different females produced masses of different mean size. However, individual mass size remained constant during oviposition. The results suggest the existence of genetic components involved in the control of this unusual process. Larvae of both types presented, just before eclosion, similar unusual behaviors: they ingest the anterior extruded mass, rotate 180°, absorb the posterior mass and eclose near the posterior pole. Data show that cryptic A. fraterculus type I and type II differs in regard to egg size as well as to the phenomenon of yolk mass extrusion